Preventing motor vehicle crash injuries and deaths: science vs. folklore lessons from history

Abstract

Not long after the beginnings of motorization in the early 1900s, deaths and injuries from motor vehicle crashes became a problem in a number of high-income-countries (HIC)s, especially the United States. With the biggest problem the US led early efforts to address this issue, and for six decades these efforts were based on folklore (ie a body of widely held but false or unsubstantiated beliefs). They were not evaluated, but clearly were unsuccessful as crash deaths and injuries continued to rise. It was not until the 1970s that a broader range of countermeasures began to be adopted and was scientifically evaluated, and as a result, crash deaths and injuries declined. This history has important lessons today for many low-and-middle-income countries that have growing numbers of motor vehicle crash deaths and injuries, many of which are pedestrians and motorcyclists. This is because there continue to be advocates for many of the failed approaches (especially educational) that dominated the early efforts in HICs.     

富水砂层盾构接收技术

针对富水砂层盾构接收易发生渗漏、涌砂、安全风险大等问题。在大量工程实践基础上,总结出以控制地下水为重点、坚持预防为主的施工理念,形成端头加固、止水帷幕、环箍注浆及止水装置的富水地层盾构接收技术,牢筑三道止水防线。技术成果在多项依托工程中成功应用,确保了该类地层盾构接收安全和风险可控。     

Conceptualization of e-servicescapes in the fitness applications and wearable devices context: Multi-dimensions,consumer satisfaction,and behavioral intention

Based on the environmental psychology theory, this research conceptualizes and investigates the dimensions of e-servicescapes, and examines how each dimension influences fitness application and wearable device users’ emotions, satisfaction, and behavioral intention to continuously work out via the technology. This study employed three waves of surveys within the United States to collect data (N = 343), and conducted a path analysis to rigorously assess the proposed paths between identified constructs. The empirical findings revealed the significant determinants of negative emotion (i.e., usability, security, customization, entertainment value, interactivity, originality of design, relevance of information, and social factors) and positive emotion (i.e., usability, customization, entertainment value, interactivity, and relevance of information). Also, satisfaction was significantly impacted by both positive emotion and negative emotion, and behavioral intention was significantly influenced by positive emotion and satisfaction. Based on these findings, this study suggests theoretical (i.e., classification of the e-servicescape dimensionality and integration of the environmental psychology theory with the two-factor theory of motivation, focusing on a digital environment) and practical implications (i.e., ways to increase levels of consumer satisfaction with the technology and intention to continuously exercise with the technology) for scholars and practitioners in the fitness and mobile application/wearable device industries.     

Promotion and Prevention Contracts in Industry Level Firm to Firm Dyad

ABSTRACT

Purpose

This article aims to introduce and distinguish two features of contract design – prevention and promotion contracts – and compares their effects on opportunism within the distributor–supplier relationship. It also examines the moderating role of ex post contract enforcement strategies.     

Marketing via smart speakers: what should Alexa say?

ABSTRACT

A smart speaker is a wireless device with artificial intelligence that can be activated through voice command. The artificial intelligence interacts in the form of a virtual personal assistant, such as Amazon’s “Alexa”. Companies are currently creating voice applications for smart speakers that allow consumers to use the personal assistant to perform tasks, such as acquiring information and ordering products. This is the dawn of a new type of interaction between brands and consumers, a new touchpoint. Brands need to catch the vision and create content for this new technology, content that is useful in the buying process. The purpose of this study is to determine what types of marketing messages people find acceptable on smart speakers. Based on the findings, a cognitive message strategy is effective with smart speakers. The paper presents three types of executional frameworks that are best suited for the design of a cognitive message: authoritative, testimonial, and slice-of-life. The overriding requirement for marketing on smart speakers is that the message must provide value to the listener.     

微纳卫星组网星间链路设计及关键技术分析

微纳卫星组网应用可大幅度提高航天装备的能力，较单颗大卫星具有明显的优势。首先，介绍了国内外微纳卫星组网的研究情况，以组网侦察应用为例分析了星间测量与通信链路的技术需求，并进行了系统架构和体制设计；其次，在星座设计基础上开展系统仿真，并提出了一体化设备实现方案；最后，分析了微纳卫星组网系统中几项重要的关键技术及其解决方案，对系统的设计和工程实现具有参考价值。     

采用COTS器件的低轨星载收发信机设计与实现

在性能、成本和可靠性的多重约束下，采用商用货架（Commercial Off-The-Shelf,COTS）器件设计了一种高性能、低成本星载收发信机。该收发信机的硬件设计不但可同时满足星地和星间应用需要，而且还具有支持多波束、多信道接入的特点。软件设计主要解决了大多普勒频偏条件下的低信噪比解调和变长以太网数据帧的高效处理等问题。地面测试结果表明，在250 kb/s ~ 14 Mb/s信息速率范围内，误比特率低于1.0×10-6时所需的解调信噪比(Eb/N0)不超过2.8 dB，发射信号误差矢量幅度不超过1.9%，高速应用时处理时延可低至3.0 ms。为降低COTS收发信机的可靠性风险，分别在元器件、电路和系统层面进行了有针对性的可靠性保证措施。该设计经过了在轨测试的验证，对其他低轨商业通信载荷的研制有一定的参考价值。     

医疗器械产业创新集群的现状及路径研究——以宁波市为例

产业集群能提高企业、区域和国家竞争力。当前以产业创新集群为代表的新一轮产业集群正在各地兴起。通过行业融合、知识外溢和集体行动，产业创新集群促进相关企业和支持性机构紧密互动而加速创新。医疗器械产业科技含量高，创新性强，是当前少数几个涉及学科最多的产业之一。以医疗器械产业为研究对象，从集群和区域创新发展的要义出发，挑选宁波地区的医疗器械行业，测算其行业集中度和产业集群效应，提出提升医疗器械行业集群度，激发产业创新集群活力的对策建议。     

增程式电动汽车产业浅析

新能源汽车是未来汽车产业转型发展的重要方向。我国新能源汽车前期发展取得了突出的成绩,产销量位居世界首位。但目前产业发展正面临新形势,未来一段时期内将由“政策驱动”转向“政策+市场双驱动”。到2021年购置补贴完全退出后的后补贴时代,如何保障新能源汽车产业的健康、可持续发展,值得人们共同思考,开发什么类型的产品才能更好地满足消费者的需求,值得行业企业考虑。     

Does high‐speed rail connection really promote local economy? Evidence from China’s Yangtze River Delta

High‐speed rail (HSR) has led to a transportation revolution in China. This paper uses the county‐level panel data of China’s Yangtze River Delta to investigate the effect of HSR connection on local economy. To address the issue of endogenous HSR route placement, we use a straight‐line strategy to construct potential HSR connection variables as instrumental variables of the actual HSR connection. Both the difference‐in‐differences and instrumental variable methods show that HSR connection impedes local economy, especially in peripheral regions. The impediment effect is channeled through population reallocation from peripheral to core areas and the restructuring of industries.